What do we use nobelium for

Next Element Lawrencium. Say what? Nobelium is pronounced as no-BELL-ee-em. In , a group of scientists working at the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockhlom, Sweden, announced the discovery of a new element. They produced this new element, which they named nobelium, by bombarding a target of curium with ions of carbon with a device called a cyclotron. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at standard pressure. When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point or crystallization point.

Specific heat , or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c v and c p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u T, v and enthalpy h T, p , respectively:.

The properties c v and c p are referred to as specific heats or heat capacities because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Different substances are affected to different magnitudes by the addition of heat.

When a given amount of heat is added to different substances, their temperatures increase by different amounts. Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system.

Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property , the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample. In general, when a material changes phase from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas a certain amount of energy is involved in this change of phase.

As an example, see the figure, which descibes phase transitions of water. Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase.

When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place. The liquid phase has a higher internal energy than the solid phase. This means energy must be supplied to a solid in order to melt it and energy is released from a liquid when it freezes, because the molecules in the liquid experience weaker intermolecular forces and so have a higher potential energy a kind of bond-dissociation energy for intermolecular forces.

The enthalpy of fusion is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place. By convention, the pressure is assumed to be 1 atm Search Search. What is Nobelium Nobelium is a chemical element with atomic number which means there are protons and electrons in the atomic structure. There are two reasons for the difference between mass number and isotopic mass, known as the mass defect : The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton. This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on 12 C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.

The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei. For 63 Cu the atomic mass is less than 63 so this must be the dominant factor. Typical densities of various substances at atmospheric pressure. Electronegativity of Nobelium is 1. Affinities of Non metals vs. Affinities of Metals Metals: Metals like to lose valence electrons to form cations to have a fully stable shell.

Ghiorso still insisted his group were the first to discover element , and so began years of recrimination, finally ending in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists deciding in favour of the Russians being the discoverers. Atomic data. Glossary Common oxidation states The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. Oxidation states and isotopes.

Glossary Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk. Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves.

Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators.

Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance.

Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Nobelium Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry. This week 'Oh, how to name an element? And, once named, how to say it? No bell ium? No bee lium? To clarify, here's Brian Clegg. You'd think it was pretty straightforward to decide what an element is called.

But element has had more than its fair share of misunderstandings and arguments. To begin with there's the matter of how to pronounce its current name - no bell ium because it comes from the same root as the Nobel Prize or no bee lium modelled on the way we say helium. Even the Royal Society of Chemistry's representatives had a raging discussion on this when I asked them, before plumping for nobeelium.

And that's just the pronunciation - the name itself took a fair amount of sorting out. Element is one of the more stable of the short-lived artificial transfermium elements with a half life of 58 minutes for nobelium But how did it get that name? Element names follow four rough patterns. Some - gold, for instance - had their names before we even knew what an element was. Others, like einsteinium, were named after a famous scientist who had a significant role to play in our understanding of atoms, while a third group are named after the place where they were discovered - take californium, for example.

Finally, there are the odds and sods. The elements that don't fit anywhere else. Nobelium can be seen as one of these. Some would argue that Alfred Nobel was a famous scientist. It's true that he was technically a chemist, but I challenge anyone to come up with a scientific discovery that Nobel is famous for. Born in Stockholm in , Nobel was the son of an engineer. He worked in Paris with the inventor of nitroglycerine, a highly explosive but also very unstable substance, and dedicated a number of years to finding a way to make it usable, finally, in , patenting the substance that would make his fortune, dynamite.

Nobel was responsible for the invention of a number of explosives and other chemical products, but was very much an industrial chemist, not the sort of person an element gets named after. The name, you might imagine, instead derives from the Nobel Prize, instituted in Nobel's will, where he declared somewhat to the surprise of his family that his fortune would be spent on a foundation to provide prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace.

But thinking nobelium got its name from the Nobel Prize would be incorrect as well. In all fairness, it should never have been given this name. They seem at the time to have been totally ignored by the international community.

It was only in that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the body that polices the naming of elements, admitted that the Russian lab did first create element But by then it was too late. Just two years after the creation of joliotium in Dubna, nobelium was made at the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator at Berkeley, California, by bombarding curium with carbon ions.

This experiment was undertaken by the team including Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg, who were responsible for isolating so many elements at Berkeley. Yet they didn't give the element its name. It had already been called nobelium for a year. This is because a team at the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm had announced the discovery of a new element the year before in Using a cyclotron to undertake a similar reaction, they thought they had produced an isotope of element with a half-life of ten minutes.

Not unnaturally they wanted to call the element nobelium. But their experiment could not be verified - such an isotope has never been shown to exist. So nobelium is a one-off, fitting somewhere between groups three and four. It's an element that is named after the place it was thought that it was first isolated, but really it wasn't. Like most of the short-lived artificial elements, we don't know a huge amount about nobelium, though it has been produced in a range of ten different isotopes.

Atomic number. Nobelium Nobelium is the second transferium element with the most stable isotope Md having a half-life of 58 minutes. Applications The transferium elements have neither application nor economic role. Nobelium in the environment The transferium elements do not exist in nature and they have very unstable nuclei, so they are quite hard to make and detect.